Idea of Landscape and American Dreams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Thought of Landscape and American Dreams - Essay Example Since Adams’ utilized the term, it developed to be a piece of Americans’ life. It means the Americans’ want for equality2, autonomy and fellowship. They imagined a way of life that would be reasonable to Americans, improve solidarity and opportunity of articulation. Americans experienced different difficulties separated from the incredible melancholies. The incredible relocation from south to north was a genuine test to Americans. A few different creators, for example, Isabel Wilkerson imagined the American dream in their works. Wilkerson’s the glow of different suns is a record of the Great Migration in America. It uncovers the notable advancement in America that changed the American culture is a colossal way. The Great Migration was a mass migration of about 6,000,000 individuals in America. Wilkerson’s gives an investigation of the relocation from 1915 to 1970. The story gives an examination of the excursions made by Americans during the Great Mi gration. Dark Americans moved from the south toward the north. Their movement and relocation impactsly affected the North. The movement included the deserting of the old alliance states in start of 1915. Dark Americans were poor and with had low degrees of instruction. In the book, Wilkerson gives a record of three blacks settlers from the south. Wilkerson gives a foundation of the migration story as a dynamic event. Ida Mae, a focal character in the book, had a few difficulties in existence with her significant other George. George had small income and lived with Mae and her three youngsters. George exclusively relied upon income from the primitive southern farming. This is a portrayal of the American long for the southern blacks seeking after legitimate business. Work in the primitive southern farming had unimportant income. Mr. Edd, George’s boss, didn't give great business terms like other southern white experts. Underpayment for crafted by the representatives was an esse ntial trait of the southern white experts. This is a portrayal of the American long for legitimate and proper work conditions. George needed essential training to advocate for his business rights. The American dream is to raise the instruction level of all to upgrade strengthening. The American dream belief system imagines a general public that grasps solidarity and comprehensiveness. It imagines a general public that is liberated from separation. The general public that Americans merit and would like to live in is liberated from misuse of people dependent on class or race. All these, be that as it may, are clear in Wilkerson’s book. In 1937, George’s cousin experienced torment by a white group. The white gang wrongly presumed Mr. Edd’s cousin for taking turkeys. The brutal demonstration is an indication of segregation dependent on class. Southern whites had apparent oppression African Americans, in light of class and race. Wilkerson’s artful culmination work archiving the movement of dark Americans gives a genuine image of their situation. Pundits point at the situation of the blacks during the decade-long relocation of the blacks as a delineation of a bombed society. They demonstrate the degree to which the general public disregarded piece of the populace. Whites viewed blacks as poor and ignorant. Seclusion among the general public individuals was genuine and clear in different structures. Joblessness among the dark Americans and reliance on the white manor proprietors from the southern was an indication of unfulfilled dreams. As hinted by the

Democracy And Human Rights Essay Example

Vote based system And Human Rights Paper Vote based system and Human Rights Democracy and human rights are plainly various thoughts; they are particular enough for them to be seen as attentive and separated political ideas. Though majority rules system expects to engage the individuals on the whole, human rights means to enable people. Likewise, human rights is straightforwardly connected with the how of administering, and not simply the who, which might be the situation in an appointive vote based system, however not in a considerable majority rule government. Therefore, majority rule governments exist that don't really secure human rights, while some on-popularity based states can guarantee a few, however not every single, human right. On another level, the universal acknowledgment, regulating, and lawful parts of human rights referenced above don't make a difference to vote based system. These differentiations have affected the conventional partition of the speculations and fields Of human rights and majority rule government. From the human rights viewpoint, many have clung to the partition hypothesis, which contends that majority rule government isn't quickly required for the perception of human rights and that the upkeep of a fundamental connection between human rights and magic may well have the impact of postponing the usage of human rights standards in different states. An ongoing result of the partition hypothesis is the vote based system as neo-colonialism idea that charges that majority rule government is a Western-driven way to deal with government that isn't found indigenously in all social orders and isn't attractive for all people groups. These contentions are dependent upon a few key counter contentions that represent the relationship of human rights and vote based system. To begin with, as far as the neo-colonialist contention, it is unquestionably evident that Western superpowers ought not force their specific types of popular government on different social orders and anticipate that them s hould be acknowledged and practical, as noted previously. In any case, it is similarly socially unfeeling toward guarantee that vote based system is just a choice in the West, or that it is contradictory with different societies. We will compose a custom article test on Democracy And Human Rights explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Democracy And Human Rights explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Democracy And Human Rights explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Besides, regarding the division hypothesis, while it is imprudent to trust that majority rules system will begin advancing human rights, it should likewise be perceived that some human rights are naturally connected with foundations and standards of popular government. Moreover, isolating human rights from vote based system subverts open doors for execution, in that it lessens human rights to principles or standards; as Longish states, human rights add up to minimal more than good cause on the off chance that they are not working in a law based structure. Basically, the tendency to isolate human rights from popular government is established in the acknowledgment of their conventional definitions. An appointive vote based system that comes up short on different organizations and standards of a considerable popular government can work without essentially ensuring human rights, similarly as some barely characterized human rights can in any case be acknowledged without vote based system. In any case, the re-conceptualization Of majority rule government as meaningful, and of human rights as being increasingly broad and comprehensive, underscores the need of connecting the two. This reliance happens on the degrees of guideline, implementation, and explicit rights. On the reasonable level, as Longish notes, both contemporary liberal vote based system and human rights are gotten from and express the suspicions of progressivism, which incorporate independence, populism, and universalism. Moreover, both popular government and human rights seek after a typical plan, and it is just inside majority rule government [that] human rights gauges or standards [are] rose above with the end goal that the qualities enunciated by these standards or guidelines are authentic rights. Likewise, it is just in a well-working popular government that singular residents approach systems to guarantee the execution of their privileges. The connection between human rights and majority rules system is maybe generally clear through an assessment of common and political rights, particularly those verbalized in Article 21 of the UDDER and Article 25 of the CIVIC, the two of which guarantee resident support in government through free and reasonable decisions and through direct help and cooperation. These rights are identified with the privileges of articulation, affiliation, get together, and development, which are additionally related with vote based system, just as the rights to freedom, security of individual, and the assurance of fair treatment of the law. Financial, social, and social rights are additionally being progressively perceived as being commonly reliant, if not necessary, with majority rules system. As Gusto composes, the quest for the privilege to improvement and financial rights is emphatically connected with the social majority rule government vision of neediness destruction and the evenhanded dissemination of proprietorship, control, and the advantages of riches. For sure, political and social liberties can best (and maybe just) be acknowledged by residents who meet an essential degree of physical security as far as access to protect, water, sanitation, and food, just as training, human services, and business or pay. Socially, popular government is interrelat ed with rights to uniformity and non-segregation, particularly for marginalia bunches including ladies and minorities. Socially, the regard for assorted variety and pluralism natural to majority rule government is connected to the insurance of rights identified with draw in, religion, or ethnicity. It is in this way certain that human rights and vote based system are reliant, particularly when characterized in the more extensive conceptualizations of majority rule government as meaningful vote based system, and human rights as common, political, financial, social, and social rights. These various types of rights can't be acknowledged in a non-majority rule framework, and similarly, no vote based system is supportable without the nearness of these rights. While this relationship is clear in principle, it is maybe progressively valuable to consider the reliance of human rights and majority rule government through the contextual analysis of a rising vote based system.

Introduction to a Reflection Essay

Introduction to a Reflection EssayA reflection essay is a type of essay that focuses on the topic in the last paragraph of the paper. The subject matter of the essay is taken from the last paragraph and a thesis statement is then developed around the topic. A reflection essay is used by students who do not want to write an essay that is very lengthy and rather prefer to focus on the thesis statement.There are two types of reflections, which are written as essays but are written in formal form. First is a thesis statement and the second is a summary statement. The reflective element of the first is based on information from the thesis statement. The reflection type is developed by asking questions of oneself, which should have the questions answered with the topic at hand.The purpose of the writing is to gather the information about the topic, which is presented at the beginning of the paper. The information gathered from the summary statement will be presented at the end of the essay . It is not necessary that the data collected in the first paragraph is the sole focus of the essay, but it will often help the writer in presenting the information in the conclusion to make it more convincing. Another reason why it is important to collect the information before beginning the writing is so that the writer does not forget any particular part of the research process.A reflection essay is a good way of letting the author express their thoughts and opinions on a well-known problem or concept. They are also useful for introducing new ideas, concepts, theories, principles, research findings, and theories. A summary statement is used as a summary of the data collected from the thesis statement.A reflection is quite a bit different than a report, which deals with factual information about an organization, company, or other organization, which may have some such personal information. Writing a report will depend on what the writer is trying to accomplish. A study may require writing a report that reports on research findings, while another may need to write a thesis statement, to express his or her personal thoughts on a certain topic.A short essay is usually considered to be a reflection. When writing a short essay, the writer does not need to provide a full explanation of what the subject was about, as the writing is intended for educational purposes. A writer can put their main ideas into a few sentences to make it easier for people to understand the subject.The first two words of the title are also important, since the shorter the sentence length, the easier it is to understand the essay. A sentence cannot contain more than eight words; only an eighth word is allowed for a reflection. The reader needs to have enough information to understand the topic.In order to write a reflection, a student must be careful to change the type of paper he or she writes. It is a good idea to find out what kind of essay is required, before writing the essay. This wil l avoid any confusion later on.

The Common Ground Between Christianity And Mormonism

Bibliographic Entry Blomberg, Craig L., and Stephen E. Robinson. How Wide the Divide?. Downer Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1997. Content Summary This book attempt to show the common ground between Christianity and Mormonism by examining the individual areas of Scripture, God, Christ, the Trinity and Salvation. The summation of the author’s findings is that although there are great differences there is also much common ground that can be used to strengthen our relationship together and bring unity to the ecumenical community. The book is written in a point, counterpoint style where Craig L. Blomberg is bringing the point with an accusational tone from an Evangelical point of view, and Stephen E. Robinson the counterpoint with a defensive tone from a Mormon point of view. Blomberg pretty much stays with major areas of disagreement between Evangelicals and Mormons, but also gives a strong basis for Christian orthodoxy while Robinson tries to correct he disagreements, identify our similarities and blur the edges of difference between them. In the area of Scripture, Blomberg points out that The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) believe the Biblical Canon is still open. He states that the canon must considered open at least in principle, but adds that it is closed in practice (p. 58). Robinson would argue that the canon remains open and that the Prophet Joseph Smith was given divine revelation from Jesus himself to fill in the blanks in the canonizedShow MoreRelatedThe Islam And The Muslim Community1651 Words   |  7 Pagesmentioning that despite the differences between the Sunni and the Shia Muslims, they share the main Islamic beliefs. They venerate the Prophet Mohammed, above everything else and regardless of their involvement in any particular group. They read the same Qur’an and follow the same Five Pillars of Islam. Most importantly, they accept each other as Muslims shifting their individual groups to the background. Mormons and other forms of Christianity According to Mormonism, Jesus Christ appeared to JosephRead More Comparing the Mormon Religion to Catholic and Protestant Faiths3692 Words   |  15 Pagesseen in their respective quotes: I have sought nothing beyond reforming the Church in conformity with the Holy Scriptures. . . . . . . I simply say that Christianity has ceased to exist among those who should have preserved it. (Luther and His Times, E.G. Schweibert) and It does not appear that these extraordinary gifts of the Holy Ghost were common in the Church for more than two or three centuries. We seldom hear of them after that fatal period when the Emperor Constantine called himself a Christian;Read MoreReligion Information Paper : Buddhism3761 Words   |  16 Pagesto explain to the others in their own way. There are some explanations people tell, may not be accurate teachings of the Buddha. â€Å"The most common misunderstandings are about the teachings: life is suffering, out-worldly and emptiness. It has been more than one thousand and nine hundred years since Buddhism spread to China. Thus, the relationship between Buddhism and China is very close. The development of Buddhism influenced, and was influenced by Chinese culture. In fact Buddhism became aRead MoreDoctrine of the Trinity Essay5290 Words   |  22 PagesScience................................................................................................. Jehovah’s Witnesses........................................................................................... 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The truth is that there has always been a committed Jamaican counter- culture that celebrates and seesRead MoreSociology and Group41984 Words   |  168 Pagesgroups have clear goals. d. Groups suffer if members fail to cooperate. e. Groups rely on member input to achieve a common goal. Answer: a. Members may take time off to play when work becomes too intense. . The cooperative interaction of several factors that results in a combined effect greater than the total of all individual parts is referred to as a. interaction. b. common goals. c. interdependence. d. synergy. e. working. Answer: d. synergy. . A stamp collecting club is an exampleRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesof the world’s human population for the first time in history. He gives considerable attention to changes in city planning, patterns of urban growth, and important differences between industrialized Europe and North America and the developing world, as well as the contrasts in urban design and living conditions between different sorts of political regimes— communist, capitalist, colonial, and fascist. Particularly revealing are Spodek’s discussions of the influence of prominent urban planners

Case Study - 2545 Words

Case Study Number 2 McKenzie Chavez What is the significance of each of D.W.’s laboratory findings? The tests that were run for the patient D.W. were performed to determine a diagnosis and treatment. Even though the disease systemic lupus erthematosus (SLE) doesn’t have a test that specifically diagnosis this diseases, there are test that are run to help with understand contributing factors. The significance of a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) titer is that 98% of people with systemic lupus test positive, even though it is not enough for a diagnosis of lupus (healthy individuals can test positive) it is a good indication along with other diagnostics test in the presence of lupus. The anti-double-stranded DNA antibody†¦show more content†¦How will D.W.’s treatment and care plan likely change? D.W.’s treatment will now be focused on treating her lupus nephritis. An emphasis on fluid retention in the assessment will play a big role in the new care plan. Lupus nephritis is treated with medications that suppress the immune system, so it stops attacki ng and damaging the kidneys. Standard treatment includes a corticosteroid, usually prednisone, to reduce inflammation in the kidneys. An immunosuppressive medication, such as cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate mofetil, is typically used with prednisone. Hydroxychloroquine, a medication for treating SLE, should also be prescribed or continued for people with lupus nephritis. Along with the use of medication lifestyle changes should complement treatment. D.W. should drink plenty of fluids, eat a low sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and protein diet, avoid smoking and drinking alcohol, exercise regularly, maintain a healthy blood pressure, and avoid NSAIDs. If renal failure worsens dialysis may be needed (smeltzer). What preventative measures should be instituted to protect D.W. at this time? Due to the patients acute exacerbation of her disease she now has lupus cerebritis. First the cause of the cerebritis is determined, it can be bacterial or secondary to SLE once this has been determined treatment can begin. Lupus cerebritis is most often treated by suppressing the autoimmune activity. When it is caused by infections,Show MoreRelatedCase Studies : A Case Study Approach Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesA case study is a specific instance that is frequently designed to illustrate a more general principle (Nisbet and Watt, 1984). Hitchock and Hughes (1995) further suggest that the case study approach is particularly valuable when the researcher has little control over evens. Case studies strives to portray ‘what it like’ to be a particular situation, to catch up reality and ‘thick description’ (Geertz, 1973) of participants’ lives experiences of, thoughts about a nd feelings for a situation. TheyRead MoreCase Study887 Words   |  4 PagesCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Reasons choose the case 1.2 The Problems The problems of this case are: 1. 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He schedules an interview, which he aces. In fact, the recruiter offers Eric the job on the spot. He would like Eric to start as soon as possible. Should EricRead MoreCase Study 8985 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study 8 Based on the January through June 2010 cash budget, what is the maximum monthly loss during the six-month planning period? What is the maximum cumulative borrowing balance? (For purposes of this question, disregard any interest payments on short-term bank loans or interest received from investing surplus funds.) Maximum monthly loss is in June: -$60,750. The maximum cumulative borrowing balance is $99,000 in February. What does the monthly cash budget reveal that indicatesRead MoreCase Study : The Angel 1089 Words   |  5 Pages Case Study #1 The Angel, 1997 Susan Meeks, an alias, woke to what she thought was the middle of the afternoon. A bright yellowish light was shining through the west window of her travel trailer. An other world being was in the room and was as tall as the ceiling of the trailer. She went to the bathroom where she washed her face with cold water and stayed in there long enough to smoke a cigarette. When she went back to the bedroom the being was still there. The being showed her futureRead MoreThe Case Study Of The Company1468 Words   |  6 PagesOverview of Case Study In the case study by Spector titled, Transferring Innovation Across National Boundaries, (Spector, 2012) company named Minnesota Biolabs (MB) provided laboratories with a quality test for contamination of injectable medications. This test required the use of live rabbits that led to the rabbit’s death after the test. 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Learning Theorists Free Essays

string(50) " be met before the higher needs can be addressed\." Learning Theories People have been trying to understand the learning process for over 2000 years. It was discussed and debated at great length by the Greek philosophers such as Socrates (469 – 399 SC), Plato (427 – 347 BC) and Unsettle (384 – 322 BC) (Hammond et al, 2001 This debate has carried on through the ages and still goes on today with a multitude of viewpoints on the purpose of education and how best to encourage learning to eventuate. Plato and his disciple Aristotle were Inaugural In this debate and asked if truth and knowledge were to be found inside of us, or whether they could be learned from outside by using our senses. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning Theorists or any similar topic only for you Order Now Plato believed the truth would be found from within through reasoning, deduction and self-reflection and so brought about rationalism. On the other hand Aristotle believed the truth would be found through experience and founded the idea of empiricism and so these antithetical views were born. Aristotle approach was far more scientific compared to Socrates’ dialectic method of discovery through conversations with fellow citizens. An approach that calls for discussion and reflection, as tools for developing thinking, owe such to Socrates and Plato (Hammond et al, 2001 Learning theory Is about learning as a process and how it may take place. It is about how information can be absorbed, processed and retained and the influence that emotions, environment and mental processes can have on acquiring, augmenting and modifying knowledge and skills. Having knowledge of learning theory equips teachers to better understand the multitudinous categories of learners they will encounter and the numerous strategies they can employ to create an effective learning environment. Although the Greek philosophers are considered to be some of the earliest thinkers on learning, it as not until the mid 1 ass’s when psychology emerged as a separate discipline that any new learning theories emerged. The first of these was behaviorism, which was brought to prominence by Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936) who won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his experiments on digestive glands for which he experimented with dogs. Behaviorism are of the opinion that learners are passive and respond to stimuli and do not take in to account internal mental states or consciousness. Gestalts came to prominence In Germany in 1910 when there was social turmoil in Europe but had moved to the US by the sass’s to avoid persecution. The lead figures In this movement were Worthwhile, Kafka and Koehler who utilities a holistic approach that sought to reject the mechanistic perspectives of the behaviorist’s. Considered to be the first educational psychologist, Edward Thornier continued with the behaviorism theory believing learning was incremental and achieved through a trial and error approach with B. F. Skinner, considered by many to be the father of modern behaviorism, developing this theory further with programmed learning (Seaworthy et al, 2004). Behaviorism learning theory had a substantial influence in education but here was a growing body of evidence that more complex tasks requiring a higher level of thinking were not well learned this way with Jean Pigged (1 896 ? 1 980) being the first to state that learning was a developmental cognitive process. Russian teacher Level Boycotts expanded Piglet’s developmental theory of cognitive abilities to were both leaders in the cognitive approach that sees the mind as a â€Å"black box† and this box should be opened and understood. This paradigm did not really come to prominence until the early sass’s when it replaced behaviorism as the dominant force (Anon ND). In the sass’s we also saw the emergence of Humanist learning theory. Some of the preeminent advocates of this field were Abraham Moscow (1908 – 1970) and Carl Rogers (1902 – 1987) who believed that learning was viewed as a personal act to fulfill one’s potential and that it is also necessary to study the person as a whole. Humanists were the first to promote learning as being student-centered and personalized and that you should not teach, but facilitate, the learner (Anon ND). The sass’s saw the emergence of social learning theory with its key progenitor being Albert Bandeau (1925 – Present). It posits that we learn through observation, imitation and modeling and this theory is often seen as the bridge between behaviorism and cosmogonist. Although the work that edifies it spans the twentieth century, Constructivism was only mainstreamed through practice in the latter part of the century. Many of the theorists that are drawn upon are linked with other learning ideologies; these theorists include Weights, Lave and Winger, Burner and Pigged. This theory posits that learning is an active constructive process where the learner creates his or her own subjective representations of objective reality. They do not come along as a blank slate (Seaworthy, 2004) but rather bring along their past experiences and cultural perspective. The first theorist I am going to look at is Abraham Moscow who was a prominent Humanist. Early in his career he worked with rhesus monkeys and one of the interesting things he noticed was the way that some needs took precedence over others. For example, if you were hungry and thirsty you would tend to deal with the thirst first, as you can go without food for weeks but thirst will kill you after Just days. Moscow felt that the conditioning theories did not, to is satisfaction, capture the complexities of human behavior and was of the opinion that human actions were driven toward goal attainment. He stated that human motivation is based on people seeking fulfillment and change through personal growth (Anon ND). In 1943 Moscow wrote a paper entitled â€Å"A Theory of Human Motivation† which talked about self-actualization. Moscow described a person who was fulfilled and doing all they were capable of as being self-actualities. Before a person can achieve this state however, there are other needs that first need to be met. These needs can be seen in Mascots hierarchy, this is often depicted as a pyramid as shown (Moscow,1943). This hierarchy shows that the basic physiological needs have to be met before the higher needs can be addressed. You read "Learning Theorists" in category "Learning" If the physiological needs are relatively well gratified then there emerges a new set of needs, in this case safety. When a persons physiological and safety needs are satisfied the need for love and belongingness emerges. This process continues until all the needs are fulfilled and the person can achieve self-actualization. It is important to note that Mascots original five stage del has been adapted by other researchers to create both seven and eight stage hierarchies but I am dealing with Moscow so will not go any further in to them. His needs – air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep etc. Safety needs – protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc. : belongingness and love needs – work group, family, affection, relationships, etc. : esteem needs – self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc. : self-actualization needs – realizing personal potential, self- fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. Through knowledge of Mascots hierarchy I can better u nderstand the needs of the individual and the impact this has on their motivation and learning. To be truly effective in its implementation I would have to appreciate the needs of every learner, which could be at different stages for each individual in the class. These individuals could also be in a state of flux from one week to another. It is unrealistic to expect to comprehend all their requirements, even with a deep understanding of this theory. I believe the best use of this theory is to inform me of their possible state so that I might be more homeopathic towards them and understand the issues they may have. The best way to help them work towards self-actualization is for them to be self-aware and understand their own needs. When they arrive at class they will already have had a long day at work, often without enough time to eat. They will also be tired; although my class is at least theory, so is less physically demanding than their practical lessons in the workshop. I do try to take some of these things in to account and will allow them to bring food and drink in to the class if they so desire. I am able to meet heir safety needs such as protection from the elements, security, order, limits and stability. These needs are part of the College safeguarding policy so should always be in place. If I can manage to help them feel belongingness, which I feel they do achieve, then I am also creating a more inclusive environment for them. I feel it is important to be aware of these needs to create a better learning situation for my students. A criticism I have is that Moscow made an assumption that the needs must be satisfied in order, so that the basic physiological need must be satisfied before hey can achieve safety and only once safety is achieved can they go to concern themselves with belongingness and so on through the hierarchy. This is shown to be false, for example, if you were to study large cultures where large numbers of the population live in poverty, like India or Brazil then you see that these people can still achieve higher order needs such as love and belongingness (McLeod, 2007). According to Moscow this should not occur. If we were also to look at many creative people, such as artists like Rembrandt or Van Gogh, it could be argued that they achieved self-actualization yet lived their lives in poverty (McLeod, 2007). I will still apply this theory even with its flaws because it is not abjectly wrong and still believe it holds a lot of truth. Another humanist that I feel bears great relevance to my current teaching post is Malcolm Knowles (1913 – 1997). He was a champion for androgyny, self-direction in learning and informal adult education (Smith, 2002). I will not talk about informal adult education, as it does not apply to my situation. The concept of androgyny had been in sporadic use since the sass’s but it was popularized for usage in English language by Malcolm Knowles. He believed that adults learned differently from children, which caused him to enquire further. His work on informal adult education and his charting of adult education in the United education. He used androgyny to bring these elements together, which was premised on at least four critical presuppositions about the characteristics of adult learners that differed from child learners, on which traditional pedagogy is based. Later a fifth assumption was added. These were as follows: self concept: As a person matures his self concept moves from one of being a dependent personality toward one of being a self directed human being. Experience: As a person matures they accumulate a growing reservoir of experience that becomes an increasing resource for learning. Readiness to learn: As a person matures their readiness to learn becomes increasingly orientated to the developmental tasks of their social roles. : orientation to learning: As a person matures their time perspective changes from one of postponed application of knowledge to immediacy of application, and accordingly their orientation toward learning shifts from of subject centeredness to one of problem centeredness. : motiva tion to learn: As a person matures the motivation to learn is internal (Knowles 1984:12). Knowles has caused considerable debate with his assertions and claims of difference between androgyny and pedagogy with useful critiques of the notion being found in Davenport (1993), Jarvis (1987) and Tenant (1996). He has taken ideas from psychologists working in two quite different and opposing traditions, that of the humanist and the behaviorism. From the one side he has extensively used a model of relationship derived from humanistic clinical psychology, in particular drawing on the work of Carl Rogers who argued the qualities of good facilitation. He has also drawn on other elements that owe a great deal to scientific curriculum making and behavior modification. It has been suggested that because he has used ideas from two opposing traditions that there is a lack of evidence around this model. Knowles is not clear whether he has provided us with a theory or a set of guidelines for practice (Heartier, 1984). The assumptions could be read as descriptions or as prescriptive statements about what the adult learner should be. Tenant (1988) made a point that there was a lack of interrogation within a coherent and consistent conceptual framework. It seems that Knowles did not temper his insights with enough analysis and interrogation of the literature of the arena. Malcolm Knowles also introduced us to self-directed learning, which is where the individual takes the initiative to realize their needs, resources and goals for learning and to evaluate the outcomes. There are three immediate reasons identified for self-directed learning. First those who take the initiative in learning are pro-active learners and will learn better than those who wait to be taught, reactive learners. Second is that it is far more natural that as we mature we take more responsibility for our own lives and become far more self-directed. Finally the third reason is that developments in education are putting a greater emphasis on students to take the initiative for their own learning. This can also be seen as a long-term reason as the purpose of education is evolving, it is moving away from merely transmitting what is known to now developing the skills of enquiry. Knowles then put the idea of self- direction in to packaged forms of activity and created his five step model. This involved: diagnosing learning needs. Formulating learning needs. : identifying human material resources for learning. Choosing and implementing appropriate learning strategies. : evaluating learning outcomes. There is research that indicates that adults circumstance (Smith, 2002) and I feel that this is certainly true of many of my learners. The opportunity arose within their current life circumstances to part icipate in the course and if there were places available they took them. If all the places had gone they may not bother to take up a learning opportunity again, unless of course the circumstances were again in their favor. I feel that the ideas’ of Malcolm Knowles are useful to guide what I ought to term my ontological approach to my earners. They are no longer children and should not be treated as such. His approach can inform me of what characteristics my learners may exhibit so that I may better facilitate their learning and create a more inclusive environment. It could certainly be said that my students need to be self-directed as the qualification they are taking is equivalent to a full time course but only has part time contact hours. It requires them to do a lot a reading around the subject, being self-directed in their approach. Overall I must be critical of Knowles for his own lack of a sharp critical edge with much of his writings being more descriptive and his lack of analysis of the literature within his field. Finally, I shall examine Jean Lave and Tontine Winger (1991) who developed the theory of situated learning, sometimes referred to as situated activity. This has a central defining characteristic known as legitimate peripheral participation which is not itself an educational form, much less a pedagogical strategy or a teaching technique. It is an analytical viewpoint on learning that makes a fundamental distinction between learning and intentional instruction. Rather the process of legitimate peripheral participation is usually unintentional. Situated learning contrasts with traditional classroom learning activities where abstract knowledge is learnt out of context with intentional instruction. This approach lends itself very well to vocational courses and especially apprenticeships where much of the learning takes place in the situation where the learning will be applied. It is not dissimilar to cognitive apprenticeship. Lave and Winger (1991) with their model of situated learning proposed that learning involved a process known as â€Å"communities of practice†. These communities are everywhere and we are often involved in a number of them. People with a shared domain of human endeavourer can engage in a process of learning by forming communities of practice. To put it more simplistically, learning takes place through social interaction. To this end, learning in these situations does not have a beginning and an end to the process, rather we are constantly learning through experience of everyday life. Their theory can be illustrated by observation of different apprenticeships. When people initially Join the community they learn at the periphery, then as they become more competent they an become more involved in the processes in that particular community. Understanding this theory is very useful in my sector as when we get the students it is their initial training and they are not always involved in the industry they are training to enter. The situated learning will probably not play a big part in this initial training, but once they have gained the qualification and go out to work then they will be Joining their community of practice. Over time, through interaction with more experienced others within the industry, they will learn and become more proficient ND play a bigger role in their community. In this respect it could be argued that this is an important theory for all educators as ultimately we are educating our learners strong links between this and embedded learning that also takes place on vocational qualifications. I would struggle to see how this theory could be applied to more formal qualifications where much of the knowledge will often remain abstract because that is its nature. Mathematics would be an example of this; it can be conceptualizes, as engineering math’s for example, but is not really a subject matter o be situated. In conclusion learning theories can inform us on our learners and guide us through our teaching practice. They can be used to develop activities to bring otherwise dull subject matter to life and to create a more inclusive learning environment by applying different teaching methods based on these theories. The trouble is that the modern teacher is struggling for time, most of the time and these theories and their practice will involve some dedication for them to be implemented effectively. How to cite Learning Theorists, Essays

The United States At The Paris Peace Conference Essays -

The United States At The Paris Peace Conference The United States at the Paris Peace Conference The First World War had lasting effects on almost every aspect of our society. Empires and monarchies collapsed, democracy began to rise, capitalism was affected, and inflation resulted from the cost of war. It became apparent that an agreement must be reached which would clearly outline the steps necessary to repair the damages done by the war. Even more importantly, a method must be devised which would, in theory, prevent such a horrific war from occurring ever again. The Paris Peace Conference was held in the winter of 1919, predominantly at the infamous Palace of Versailles, and was intended to realize these goals. Twenty-seven nations were present at the Conference, although only four of these countries had a true voice in the matter at hand. These four countries, the Great Powers, were Italy, France, England, and the United States. Represented by Vittorio Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd George, and Woodrow Wilson, respectively, these men held the vast majority of power and influence present at the Conference. President Wilson represented the United States at Versailles. He believed that World War I should end in a treaty based on democracy rather than on politics of power, and he was present to see to it that the Treaty of Versailles was written accordingly. Wilson embodied the success of the democratic, liberal, progressive and nationalistic movements of the past century, and represented what society wished for the future. His idealistic views and goals for the reparation of society were made evident through his presence at the Conference, as well as Blake 2 through the plans that he brought with him. In a talk with newspaperman R.J. Bender of the United Press, Wilson states what is basically his attitude towards the entire conference: ?A statement that I once made that this should be a peace without victory holds more strongly today than ever. The peace that we make must be one in which justice alone is the determining factor.? Wilson demonstrates the visionary approach with which he viewed the Peace Conference precisely in this remark. President Wilson's presence at the conference has been debated from many angles. It was possible, was he not present at the conference, that the Allies would insist on a resolution rooted in force and vengeance between the European countries. Wilson felt that this method would be ineffective in the long run. He believed that only on a peace reached through justice could a stable society be rebuilt. Wilson personally felt that the best way to attain a genuine peace among all countries would be to create a bond of nations that had entered into an agreement to prevent the reoccurrence of such a Great War, although he recognized the likeliness of opposition to his plan. He predicted correctly that there would be a demand for immediate peace terms and a postponement on an association of nations. Because Wilson felt so strongly that his plan was the most sensible and definite way in which to proceed with the Peace Conferences, he felt obligated to be present in Paris. This enabled him to defend his views and thus protect what he felt was in the best interest of the United States. It has been argued that this was not a wise choice for the President. Many say that had he remained in Washington and carried on negotiations through his Commissioners, he would have retained his place as superior and powerful. This would have allowed him to dictate the terms of the treaty as he wished. The fact that he attended the conference resulted in the loss Blake 3 of the position of power that he held. This forced Wilson to submit to the wills of the European countries, many of which harbored feelings of hostility towards the conquered countries. While it seems apparent that the most beneficial move the President could have taken was to remain in the United States, his idealistic belief in the promise of the bond of nations led him to disregard advice and sail to France to secure the Treaty of Versailles. Wilson had extremely specific goals in mind when he departed for France. The 14 Points, which he had written